前言
隨著糖尿病患病率的逐年增加,糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變這種并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,越來(lái)越多地引起人們的重視。糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的動(dòng)物模型較多,包括自發(fā)性遺傳性糖尿病動(dòng)物模型、藥物誘導(dǎo)糖尿病動(dòng)物模型、胰腺切除糖尿病動(dòng)物模型、半乳糖飼養(yǎng)的糖尿病動(dòng)物模型等。
部分造模方法
使用動(dòng)物:小鼠
【造模機(jī)制】:
NOD小鼠是研究人類(lèi)1型糖尿病最好的模型,其在遺傳和免疫方面與人類(lèi)極其相似。人類(lèi)1型糖尿病的主要易感基因位于MHC, NOD小鼠的易感基因也位于MHC。
【模型特點(diǎn)】:
NOD小鼠4~5周出現(xiàn)胰島炎,接著出現(xiàn)亞臨床B細(xì)胞破壞和血液循環(huán)中胰島素濃度下降。典型的糖尿病癥狀出現(xiàn)在12~30周,包括淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和胰島B細(xì)胞破壞的自身免疫損傷導(dǎo)致的高胰島素血癥、高血糖、酮癥酸中毒和死亡。NOD小鼠發(fā)生糖尿病有性別差異,其中90%雌鼠發(fā)生糖尿病,僅20%雄鼠會(huì)發(fā)生糖尿病。6周時(shí)低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1α(HlF-1α)在視網(wǎng)膜中的表達(dá)較低,而12周時(shí)HlF-1α在視網(wǎng)膜中的表達(dá)顯著高于對(duì)照組。8個(gè)月可出現(xiàn)微血管紊亂,局部增殖性新生血管。血管緊張素Ⅱ以及血栓素介導(dǎo)了小血管收縮。
【模型來(lái)源】:
美國(guó)Jackson實(shí)驗(yàn)室(http://www. jax.org/index.html)可提供NOD糖尿病小鼠。
【模型評(píng)估和應(yīng)用】:
NOD小鼠是自發(fā)性糖尿病動(dòng)物模型的一種,對(duì)研究1型糖尿病以及遺傳性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜疾病的病因研究提供寶貴的信息,而且在免疫調(diào)節(jié)和免疫耐受研究方面具有寶貴價(jià)值。
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